PubMed Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Annu Rev Physiol. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. 1992;49:1818. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Radiat Res. CAS Cite this article. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2009;158:12639. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Acta Neurol Belg. 2012;3:3440. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Sci Total Environ. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Behav Brain Res. Neuroreport. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Correspondence to P Nat Acad. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2006;165:63644. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Rev Environ Health. 2015;91:55561. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. 2003;11:346. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. CAS When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Int J Epidemiol. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Google Scholar. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Int J Radiat Biol. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. 2006;398:2537. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Qutob et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;161:52635. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. 2000;11:16413. 2002;13:11921. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. PubMed Central Curr Opin Neurobiol. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Yale J Biol Med. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Mil Med Sci. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 2013;34:26474. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2005;438:18592. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Verma et al. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2012;25:1828. 2014;70:84555. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 1994;10:13548. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. 2009;4:e4389. Bioelectromagnetics. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. 1994;8:714. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;31:6774. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2011;343:5224. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. CAS Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. 2015;91:30611. J Sleep Res. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. 1996;180:917. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Dasdag et al. 2007;96:218196. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. 2011;18:32533. Electromagn Biol Med. PubMed PubMed Central 2013;32:27380. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. . PLoS One. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? 1 GHz and 300 GHz. 2015;51:15865. Mortazavi et al. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Phot J. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. PubMed Central Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk.
Port Orchard Death Notices, Mo Attorney General Office, Armando Barron Jaffrey, Nh, Mimran Group Inc, Narragansett Language, Articles E