You also acknowledge that owing to the limited nature of communication possible on In Store. When youre pregnant, we know that watching your diet can feel hard but adding some cheese to it just makes everything so much better. Is Eating Blue Cheese During Pregnancy Safe? Cheese you should say no to when youre pregnant? Dont eat mould-ripened soft cheese, such as brie, camembert and chevre (a type of goats cheese) and others with a similar rind. If youre pregnant and have eaten blue cheese, dont panic. 5 oz ($0.80/oz) Cheese Shop. Based on the various warnings about gorgonzola and other semi-soft and soft cheeses, many pregnant women feel they must avoid these cheeses altogether. However, some people with intestinal illness develop invasive illness. A. Yes, peanut butter is safe to eat during pregnancy. I love blue cheese crumbles. Can you eat heated blue cheese when pregnant? Studies in animals have shown that mold can increase the chance of birth defects when it is eaten in large quantities, but there is no proven risk to a pregnancy or a baby from exposure to airborne mold during pregnancy. Eating food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes may lead to an infection called listeriosis. We dont talk about recipes but instead what you can do with blue cheese. Can you eat Greek dressing when pregnant? It's usually not dangerous, but this process makes the cheeses more likely to be contaminated with listeria. The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. Made with cow's milk. sporotrichosis, a skin infection that starts out as a small pink, red, or purple bump on the skin. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Some blue cheeses are soft and salty while other varieties may be hard and pungent. Help Me, Heidi! How to Warm Breast Milk to Keep Its Nutrients Intact, 170 Baby Boy & Girl Name That Mean 'Gift from God', 600+ Unique & Cute Nicknames for Boys & Girls, Protecting Adolescents From Common Food and Waterborne Diseases, Why an Ideal pH 5.5 is Important for a Newborns Skin, Baby or Toddler Waking Up Too Early - What You Can Do. Read more: What to Expect With Pregnancy, Week by Week. Dont stress! Of course you are (and so am I so get ready to post photos on my IG and Facebook @HeidiMurkoff). But just to play it safe, monitor your health and look for signs of flu and fever. Or queso? Dont worry! Garnish with parsley. Its blue or greenish spots are created with spores ofPenicillium a type of fungi which gives the cheese a distinctive smell and flavour. What to do if youve eaten blue cheese while pregnant. The reason why pregnant women should avoid eating blue cheese is that most blue cheeses are made using unpasteurized milk, which increases the risk of it being contaminated withListeria monocytogenes. Combine buffalo, BBQ and honey. Just the right accent for burgers, salads, and sandwiches - like the Blazing Buffalo Hero (recipe on back)! If you've heard that you should avoid soft cheese when you're expecting, you may wonder about cream cheese in pregnancy. Symptoms of listeriosis may show up 2-30 days after exposure. Blue Cheese crumbles (also sometimes called 'Bleu Cheese') are safe if made from pasteurized milk. 2 - Mash some of the blue cheese crumbles with the back of a spoon and stir vigorously with the rest of ingredients. I LOVE blue cheese and my doctor told me as long as its pasteurized that it's fine to eat while pregnant. Can you eat crumbled blue cheese when pregnant? Monitor your health and look for symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, or a fever above 100.5F (38C) (9). What happens if you get Listeria while pregnant? Soft cheeses and precooked meats such as hot dogs and deli meats often harbor the germ. If you are dining out at a restaurant, make sure you mention your pregnancy and ask if the blue cheese is made from pasteurised milk. Pasteurization, which uses mild heat to partially sterilized certain foods, kills Listeria. Avoid unpasteurized dairy products and unpasteurized juices. But dont take chances and watch for the expected symptoms because you want to prevent the infection from getting worse as soon as possible. Can I Eat Bacon While Pregnant? Does the (soft) cheese stand alone when it comes to listeria? Soft blue cheeses are only safe to eat in pregnancy if theyve been cooked. If you have eaten unpasteurized blue cheese while pregnant, the best course of action is to monitor your symptoms and call your healthcare provider if youre concerned. loading. But heres something else you can look forward to: falling hard again for soft cheese. blue cheese (pasteurized milk, cheese cultures, salt, microbial enzyme, penicillium roguefort) natamycin (for freshness) mayonnaise (expeller pressed canola oil, water, whole eggs, apple cider vinegar, egg yolks, salt, white mustard (distilled white vinegar,water, mustard seed, salt), lemon juice concentrate), sour . The cheese has a salty, bitter, and pungent flavour that is known for its characteristic spots. It ordinarily comes from the consumption of listeria-contaminated foods, but it can also be caused by the consumption of food handled by an individual with a listeria infection. Ruchelle has a vast experience working with clients in hospitality, health and wellness, entertainment, real estate, and retail. Newborn babies infected with Listeria can develop either early onset or late onset listeriosis. Can I Eat Blue Cheese While Pregnant? It may even result in death. But should I be worried? Spoon the noodle mixture into a large, greased casserole dish or baking pan. You should also avoid soft blue-veined cheeses such as Danish blue or gorgonzola. How will I know if I have listeriosis? What Kind of Blue Cheese Are Unsafe During Pregnancy? Just make sure that the cheese is thoroughly cooked and consume it while it is still hot. 28% lower sodium. Many pregnant women do not have any symptoms. After the spots appear, a machine may be used to make finer perforations on the blocks. Blue cheese is a worldwide favorite thanks to its blend of creamy mouthfeel and tangy, but smooth finish. Can you eat blue cheese crumbles while pregnant? When they return, they find out it has turned spotted. Keep Refrigerated. Most ricotta cheese youll find at the grocery store is made using pasteurized milk. Generally, the following steps are involved in the production of blue cheese: Step 1: Pasteurize raw milk. Find advice, support and good company (and some stuff just for fun). Happily for cheese lovers, most of the cheese sold in the U.S. is completely safe to eat during pregnancy, because most is made from pasteurized milk. Fold the dressing into the chicken-grape mixture and combine well. So a one-off munching on a bit of mold will in worse case give you upset stomach etc. CDC estimates that listeriosis is the third leading cause of death from foodborne illness with about 260 deaths per year. Blue cheese may carry Listeria The risks of eating blue cheese during pregnancy have nothing to do with the fact that this dairy product is manufactured using mold, as these specific. 1. Cheddar, Manchego, and blue cheeses are readily available in both raw and pasteurized form. Where does that leave your next Greek salad, spoonful of blue cheese crumbles, plate of fresh mozzarella? Adjust seasonings as desired. Canola Oil, Buttermilk, Blue Cheese (Pasteurized Milk, Sea Salt, Cheese Cultures, Enzymes, Penicillium Roqueforti), White Wine Vinegar, Water, Egg Yolk, Contains Less Than 2% of Salt, Sugar, Xanthan Gum, Blue Cheese Concentrate (Blue Cheese [Pasteurized Milk, Cultures, Salt, Enzymes], Water and Salt), Black Pepper, . Canola Oil, Buttermilk, Blue Cheese (Pasteurized Milk, Sea Salt, Cheese Cultures, Enzymes, Penicillium Roqueforti), White Wine Vinegar, Water, Egg Yolk, Contains Less Than 2% of Salt, Sugar, Xanthan Gum, Blue Cheese Concentrate (Blue Cheese [Pasteurized Milk, Cultures, Salt, Enzymes], Water and Salt), Black Pepper, . You need about 1,000 mg of calcium a day to help your babys bones grow and keep yours strong, so start off the morning with calcium-rich yogurt, cheese, fortified orange juice, sesame-seed bread, bean burritos, almonds, figs or scrambled tofu with spinach. If youre pregnant and have accidentally consumed unpasteurized soft blue cheese, dont panic. Instructions. These are made with mould and they can contain listeria, a type of bacteria that can harm your unborn baby. Learn more. 1 cup Mayonnaise; cup Buttermilk; 2 teaspoon Fresh Squeezed Lemon Juice; teaspoon Black Pepper; cup Blue Cheese Crumbles; 2 Tablespoon Fresh Parsley; Steps. Caesar salad, if freshly made, is safe for pregnant women to eat. even if it is made with unpasteurized milk, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Pregnancy Association: "Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy", National Health Service: "Why Can't I Eat Soft Cheeses During Pregnancy? Gorgonzola blue cheese may sometimes be an exception. However, it is still important to check if the cheese is made from pasteurized milk. Which kinds of cheese can you say yes to, and which should take a pregnant pass, for safetys sake? Combine chicken, grapes, celery, walnuts and blue cheese in a large mixing bowl. Is it Safe to Eat Blue Cheese While Pregnant? Marketside Blue Cheese Crumbles, 5 oz: Nutty, peppery, and salty notes among the traditional blue cheese flavors. The appearance of crumbs must be anticipated and prepared for. All rights reserved. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers. Blue cheese is a type of aged cheese prepared from the milk of cows, goats, or sheep. ", PregnancyBirth&Baby: "Foods to Avoid When Pregnant", American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: "Management of Pregnant Women With Presumptive Exposure to Listeria Monocytogenes", Processed cheeses (for example, cheese spreads), A high temperature of 100 Fahrenheit or above, A red, blotchy rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it (this may be a sign of meningitis that has developed from a listeria infection). But besides Stilton, avoid all soft and hard cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. However, relatively few blue cheeses are pasteurized, leaving it at a higher risk of bacterial contamination. Can you eat feta cheese from Panera while pregnant? If youve eaten blue cheese while pregnant, dont panic. The Answer Will Surprise You. An estimated 1,600 people get listeriosis each year, and about 260 die. 2 pack of Shop Rite Reduced Fat Blue Cheese Crumbled 4oz (Total 8oz) No reviews $3499 ($34.99/Count) FREE delivery Feb 22 - 27 Danish Blue Cheese - Approx. Wegmans Milky Mild Blue Cheese Crumbles. There are studies coming out that show that blue cheese may improve cardiovascular health and slow down signs of ageing. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by experts. Let it rest for about 5 minutes and blend again until very creamy. Cheese is an ingredient thats used in almost every dish you come across. Harder, crumbly Blue Cheese is perfect for crumbling atop salad for Blue Cheese dressing applications. Or feta? Unpasteurized blue cheese has a bacteria called listeria which is known for causing miscarriages. It is not just soft cheeses that may potentially contain listeria. Just make sure to cook it thoroughly, until its steaming hot. Pair with apricots or other sweet fruits and water crackers. Its a type of bacteria that can cause flu-like symptoms and has the possibility of crossing the placenta barrier and affecting the baby. Some cheese isn't safe during pregnancy, because it poses a higher risk of bacteria growth, like listeria. The National Health Service says that all of the listed cheeses can be consumed when pregnant if they have been thoroughly cooked, as this will kill off any potential bacteria that could be residing within, including listeria. cooking oil spray, cream cheese, celery sticks, crumbled blue cheese and 7 more Mini Buffalo Chicken PItas KitchenAid lettuce leaves, tomato, buffalo sauce, grilled chicken, red onion and 2 more Early onset listeriosis develops 1-2 days after birth, and the baby often has signs of a serious bacterial infection. When it comes to safe soft blue cheeses to eat during pregnancy, this is what we recommend as long as they are pasteurized: The only exception of eating unpasteurized blue cheese is Stilton. What if I ate blue cheese while pregnant? Serve it with a side of fries, salad and you have yourself a wholesome and nutritious meal! Mold in foods may be considered dangerous to consume but not all molds are the same. If you are trying to boost your iron and folate intake during pregnancy, adding some wraps to your diet might just do the trick. 6. Shelf Life of Blue Cheese Almost half of the people on earth love cheese. The vomiting and diarrhea caused by listeriosis can lead to severe dehydration, which can cause miscarriage, stillbirth or preterm labor. But if they are raw, there is a cause of worry due to contamination of listeria and another toxoplasma, if you intended on ordering a Hawaiian pizza also known as the Ham and pineapple pizza, it is safe to eat so fast as they have been heated properly. If the listeria infection spreads to your nervous system, signs and symptoms can include: Headache. In summary, cooked blue cheese is much safer for consumption by pregnant moms. But now, the FDA says, new data show that Listeria lurks only in unpasteurized feta, Brie, Camembert, queso blanco, queso fresco, blue cheeses, and other soft cheeses. Symptoms of Listeriosis infection dont show up usually before 30 days. your doctor. Most blue cheeses are made using unpasteurized goats milk. Ricotta is a popular cheese used in many recipes. Nearly one-quarter of pregnancy-associated cases result in fetal loss or death of the newborn. Group Owners uphold the core values of the brand by reporting content that violates the community guidelines. But a dangerous health risk is involved with the more popular soft cheeses that all potential mothers should know about, and that is the presence of listeria. What Time Of Day Should I Take Magnesium L-Threonate? How worried should I be about Listeria in pregnancy? Make sure the butter is slightly softened so that it's easy to mix the ingredients together. Blue cheese is a soft, mold-ripened cheese that many people enjoy on salads and in sauces. (Ive had blue cheese like 10 times) its incredibly unlikely to cause trouble. Ive indulged in deli sandwiches, soft serve, hot dogs, and a smidge of champagne here and there. What cheeses tend to be unpasteurized and/or unsafe. Newborn babies infected with listeria from their mother can become seriously ill with meningitis, blood poisoning or other infections. Flip over and brown another 3-4 minutes. Listeria infection can cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and preterm labor. Stiff neck.Symptoms. The jars of mayonnaise youll find on the shelf at your local grocery store are actually safe to eat at least the vast majority of them. Did we mention we love pizza? But now, the FDA says, new data show that Listeria lurks only in unpasteurized feta, Brie, Camembert, queso blanco, queso fresco, blue cheeses, and other soft cheeses. Can You Eat Mozzarella Cheese During Pregnancy? About a sixth of reported cases occur in pregnant women. When you're pregnant and searching the internet on how to stay healthy, it's unlikely that your top search will be blue cheese and pregnancy. Most women feel better in their second trimester, but some have morning sickness throughout pregnancy. Pasteurization is a process of heating liquids and foods to kill off harmful bacteria like listeria that can cause infections. Blueberry, Blue Cheese and Glazed Walnut Salad. Blue cheese crumbles are used on everything from salads to burgers. The blue cheese problem lies in the fact that many types of commercial blue cheese are made from unpasteurized milk, which might contain a dangerous type of bacteria called. Press the escape key to exit. In countries around the world, some of the popular varieties include Bleu de Bresse, Bleu dAuvergne, Danablu, and Blue Cheshire. This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. The National Health Service lists a number of symptoms of listeriosis, including: In addition to these, a more serious case of listeriosis may be present if other symptoms are present, including: If you have any of the symptoms of listeriosis, the infection will usually pass of its own accord and can be treated at home. Stilton during pregnancy is still an acceptable option, despite it being mold ripened; it is a hard cheese, and even if it is made with unpasteurized milk it is still a lot less likely that listeria will be present. $3.99 /ea. Real. Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument. Can pregnant ladies eat blue cheese? We respect everyones right to express their thoughts and opinions as long as they remain respectful of other community members, and meet What to Expects Terms of Use. Pasteurizing kills the bacteria and makes it extremely safe for your baby. Pregnant women with a Listeria infection can pass the infection to their unborn babies. What Kinds of Cheeses Are Safe During Pregnancy? If you're pregnant, here's the truth about eating soft cheeses like feta and all the safety information you need to know. Just make sure to cook it thoroughly, until its steaming hot. . Symptoms may appear as late as 2 months after you have eaten something with Listeria. This article contains scientific references. It is normal to wonder about what to eat, what to avoid, and many other questions that are based on the premise of protecting the developing baby. You can enjoy bacon safely during pregnancy. The cultures of the mold penicillium are used to refine the cheese and produce its distinctive dotted appearance. Your Can you eat melted gorgonzola when pregnant? Welcome to Wegmans Welcome to Wegmans. Nearly everyone with listeriosis is hospitalized. With the right mixes, its definitely a sought-after food. Find What Is the Safest Way to Eat Ceviche? McDonalds uses processed cheese in cheeseburgers and the meat is thoroughly grilled at a high temperature. Gorgonzola on a pizza is just one of the many pizza toppings that are safe for pregnant women to eat if it has been subjected to high temperatures while being cooked. Listeria is one of the many pathogens that are eliminated through this process. Symptoms in pregnant women include mild flu-like symptoms, headaches, muscle aches, fever, nausea, and vomiting. However, they have to forego cheese when theyre pregnant because most of these soft cheeses are made from unpasteurized milk. The takeaway. should not be construed as a substitute for advice from a medical professional or health care provider. If youre pregnant and have eaten blue cheese, dont panic. Make sure you choose a variety thats made from pasteurised milk. The National Health Service of the United Kingdom explains that soft cheeses can be dangerous to pregnant people, because these cheeses may contain a type of bacteria known as listeria. You dont need to panic if you are pregnant and have been eating deli meats. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notes that pregnant women should only consider eating feta cheese they know has been made from pasteurized milk. You can eat cheesecake safely during pregnancy. Keep in mind that cooking can kill Listeria. If you live in the US or Canada they can only serve pasteurized cheese so you should be ok! What to Expect supports Group Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership. During pregnancy, Listeria infection occurs more frequently in the third trimester (66%), and in most cases, the maternal sickness is usually mild with non-specific symptoms (fever, flu-like syndrome, plus abdominal and back pain) or even asymptomatic. Hard cheese, because it has a far lower moisture content (bacteria breed best in moist conditions) is not considered a listeria risk, even when its made from unpasteurized milk. Group Black's collective includes Essence, The Shade Room and Naturally Curly. Glenview Farms Blue Cheese Crumbles add the tangy, creamy characteristics of blue cheese to salads, omelets, quiches, pizza, sandwiches and more. I literally eat it every day! Pizzas are safe to eat in pregnancy, as long they are cooked thoroughly and are piping hot. Can you eat blue cheese crumbles while pregnant? Pregnant women are 10 times more likely than other people to get a Listeria infection. Pour the beer mixture over the noodles in the large pot. Be sure to take at least 400 mcg of folic acid every day, beginning at least one to two months before conception, if possible. For the dressing. Blend on high for about 30 seconds. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The infection is most likely to sicken pregnant women and their newborns, adults aged 65 or older, and people with weakened immune systems. Before eating a blue cheese, pregnant women . Avoid ordering bacon at a restaurant because you dont know how well its cooked. You can tell by looking at the product label. The CDC has linked some listeria infection outbreaks to Mexican-style soft cheeses made from pasteurized milk but under less-than-reliably sanitary conditions, with contamination most likely taking place during the cheese-making. Aged over 60 days. I didnt realize it was harmful until after I read a list. Place half of the sauce in the bottom of your crockpot. Its a guilt-free indulgence! Unpasteurized blue cheese has a bacteria called listeria which is known for causing miscarriages. However, some people may not experience symptoms for up to 30 days. Theres no denying that! Properly stored, an unopened package of blue cheese crumbles will last for about 1 week after the "Sell By . Some of the most common listeriosis symptoms in pregnant women are fever, aches and pains, digestive upset, and headaches. Symptoms may appear as late as 2 months after you have eaten something with Listeria. How long after eating Listeria do you get sick? You can add mushrooms, jalapenos, vegetables and spices to play around with the flavours. Looking forward to the arrival of your baby bundle? Eating Butter in Pregnancy. Here are the risks associated with eating unsafeblue cheese when pregnant: In general, going withhard blue cheeseduring pregnancy is a safe bet. So, if cheese is your pregnancy friend, you ask whats this you hear about brie and babies not mixing? At least 7 in 10 pregnant women have morning sickness in the first trimester (first 3 months) of pregnancy. And heres another: Eat it in combo with whole grain crackers (or other complex carbs), and cheese may help curb your quease, boost your energy and your mood, head off headaches, and improve your sleep. An estimated 1,600 people get listeriosis each year, and about 260 die. Can I Eat Gorgonzola Cheese During Pregnancy? Mix until fully incorporated and sprinkle over dairy-free feta or blue cheese crumbles and place into the oven for 15 minutes. During the first trimester of pregnancy, listeriosis may cause miscarriage. Do not hesitate to go to an emergency room if you feel any of these symptoms at an alarming rate. The same applies to blue cheese dressing, the safest way to consume it is to check if the product is pasteurized. Risk of getting Listeriosis, a condition that causes flu-like symptoms and baby miscarriages. Im supposed to start my insulin tonight just for my fasting number but my after lunch and after dinner numbers have been SO much lower than normal. Can I eat gorgonzola on pizza when pregnant? Soybean Oil, Cultured Buttermilk, Blue Cheese ([cultured Pasteurized Milk, Salt, Enzymes, Penicillium Roqueforti], Natamycin [natural Mold Inhibitor]), Distilled Vinegar, Egg Yolk, Contains Less Than 2% Of Sugar, Salt, Mustard Flour, Garlic,* Xanthan Gum, Spice, Yeast Extract, Natural Flavor. When making cheesecake at home, choose pasteurized ingredients and cook fully if youre using eggs. As the pregnancy progresses to third trimester, the mother is more at risk. Cravings are a problem when you become pregnant. But you have to be careful. Cooking the cheese or getting pasteurized blue cheese are good ways to get rid of that. The CDC recommends pregnant women to refrain from consuming brie, feta, camembert, blue-veined cheeses and Mexican-style cheeses like queso blanco, queso fresco, and panela. Whether from the deli counter or out of the bag, you should avoid eating it cold because it can harbor bacteria that can harm your developing baby. Avoid soft cheeses during pregnancy. Blue cheeses made from raw (unpasteurized) milk include Roquefort and some versions of Gorgonzola. But I also wouldnt stress about it. In addition to being severely detrimental to the mother, listeriosis can also be enormously dangerous to the unborn child. Then mix in the fontina cheese, bacon and Marie's Chunky Blue Cheese dressing. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. Blue cheese dressing may or may not be made using pasteurized ingredients. It's safe, though you need to, Pregnant women should be careful about eating certain foods, including goat cheese. The National Health Service recommends avoiding a number of soft cheeses during pregnancy, including: The American Pregnancy Association also warns against consuming Mexican style soft cheese that may contain queso blanco or queso franco, unless it is explicitly stated that the soft cheese has been made with pasteurized milk as opposed to unpasteurized. Listeria is a particularly dangerous type of bacteria because it can cause an infection known as listeriosis, which pregnant women are especially vulnerable to due to the hormonal changes in the body that cause weakening of the immune system. One study using raw milk showed that temperatures of 131F (55C) significantly reduced the activity of Listeria (7). However, can I eat blue cheese while pregnant? Blue Cheese Crumbles: Blue Cheese (Pasteurized Milk, Salt, Cheese Cultures, Enzymes, Penicillium Roqueforti), Powdered Cellulose Added to Prevent Caking, Natamycin (A Natural Mold Inhibitor). The National Health Service of the United Kingdom explains that soft cheeses can be dangerous to pregnant people, because these cheeses may contain a type of bacteria known as listeria. What can I do to prevent miscarriage in first trimester? Who doesnt!. Hard cheeses are generally considered safe in pregnancy. Stilton is a hard blue cheese but since it is more acidic and very low moisture bacteria, it renders the bacteria harmless. IT'S A BLEU-TIFUL DAY. For instance, have you asked yourself, can I eat blue cheese while pregnant? Keep on reading to discover the answer to this intriguing question and to understand if it is safe or not to eat blue cheese during pregnancy. pasteurized or non-pasteurized ingredients are acceptable choices for making blue cheese dressing. What happens if you eat moldy food while pregnant? Listeria can infect the placenta, the amniotic fluid, and the baby, and can cause miscarriage or stillbirth. Blend well with an immersion blender or upright blender. Top with the blue cheese crumbles and panko breadcrumbs, then bake for 15 minutes. Not the best thing to eat and I wouldnt continue eating it. Heating a soft cheese until bubbly can destroy harmful bacteria, but thats a tall order for most soft cheeses. However, commercially made ice cream and salad dressings are made with pasteurized eggs, and are therefore safe to eat. Wisconsin Cheese. Unlike other bacteria, listeria enters the bloodstream directly and can get to a baby quickly, possibly leading to miscarriage, preterm birth, stillbirth, or serious illness (or even death) in a newborn.
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