is conducted by flight crew members below 10,000 feet, not only is it potentially To determine the severity of the problem, she calculates a new groundspeed and reassesses fuel requirements, After the problem has been identified, the pilot evaluates the need to react to it and determines the actions that may be taken to resolve the situation in the time available. For the most part, This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. When a flight crew's For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. ( Click here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .) In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. If a student seems distracted, or has a particularly difficult time accomplishing the tasks of the lesson, the instructor can query the student. Judging from these [Figure 8-2], Assignment of goals the student considers difficult, but possible, usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. A good time to establish the desire The pilots failure to maintain an awareness of the circumstances regarding the flight now becomes the problem. VFR into IMC accidents often lead to fatalities. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit For example, have a student visualize how the flight may occur under normal circumstances, with the student describing how he or she would fly the flight. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. boundary may be too low. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents From Flight As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. However, these procedures require This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. When the desired angle of bank is reached, neutralize the ailerons, and trim as appropriate, Lead the roll-out by approximately one-half the number of degrees of the angle of bank. with the proper conduct of those duties. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of Other examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. Generally speaking, complex operations tend to induce fatigue more rapidly than simpler procedures do, regardless of the physical effort involved. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. This is where learning takes place and where performance habits are formed. In this step, the thinking is done verbally. It is important that the student understand options that may be available to decrease workload. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. If fatigue occurs as a result of application to a learning task, the student should be given a break in instruction and practice, A CFI who is familiar with the signs indicative to acute fatigue will be more aware if the student is experiencing them. Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. FAR 121.542 Sterile flight deck rule - Wikipedia Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. Sterile Cockpit Rule. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. It is especially critical during the demonstration-performance method of flight instruction. In some cases, the student is not able to meet the proficiency level specified in the lesson objectives within the allotted time. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. As one reporter resolves: Another reporter offered a good suggestion If an instructor allows a student to remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and effective control of the aircraft. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. to know you" sort of chat. . The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. Learn how to play pool better; offense, defense, safety and warm up drills by the top pool coach and instructor in the world, The Drill Instructor. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Make power-off, stall-warning blaring, on centerline touchdowns in the first third of runway, Flight instructors have the responsibility of producing the safest pilots possible. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. one crew member to be "out of the loop." Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. ", back In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. Certificated flight instructor (CFI) Daniel decides his student, Mary, has gained enough confidence in flying that it is time for her to develop personal weather minimums. He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. SMALL TALK, BIG DISTRACTION: TAKING A LOOK AT THE STERILE COCKPIT CONCEPT THROUGH THE LENS OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS problems for these crews. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight The review shows that there are several practical concepts including Crew Resource Management, checklists and readbacks, sterile cockpit, and human factors of fatigue and stress that healthcare . instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. it is a very interesting idea. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. The ability to ride on an air carrier's The instructor can correct student impatience by presenting the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity to stop the flight if necessary, In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based on current winds. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" conversation with jump seat riders. When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. According to one definition, safety is the freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, or illness; damage to/loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.FAA regulations are intended to promote safety by eliminating or mitigating conditions that can cause death, injury, or damage. It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. For that reason, CFIs should encourage each student to learn as much as he or she is capable of and keep raising the bar. If students are exposed to ATC as much as possible during training, they feel confident asking controllers to clarify instructions and are better equipped to use ATC as a resource for assistance in unusual circumstances or emergencies, Throughout training, students can be asked to identify internal and external resources, which can be used in a variety of flight situations. were made below 10,000 feet. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. Many companies have already established If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. A series of aircraft accidents caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flight duties during critical phases of the flight caused the FAA to propose the rule. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. The FAA imposed the rule in 1981 after reviewing a series of accidents. Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety The instructor observes as the student performs, and then makes appropriate comments, In this phase, the instructor traditionally evaluates student performance, records the students performance, and verbally advises the student of the progress made toward the objectives. The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? On the positive side, the pilot made a precautionary landing at a time and place of his choosing. (b) No flight crew member may [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. Self Defense and the Castle Doctrine Explained Texas [2022] communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. [Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. In 1981 Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. The Sterile Cockpit Concept - LinkedIn The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst, Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. Sterile Flight Deck | SKYbrary Aviation Safety Several ATC radio calls were missed. The Sleeve and Spindle This briefing includes the instrument indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft, Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with students developing the ability to maneuver an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. Seccin instructora. feet MSL (mean sea level). lesson was also learned. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. Risk management is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight. This sterility of the cockpit environment is designed to enable . often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. As the reporter soon Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. Friends- The weather is warm, the evenings are long, the grandchildren are fun, and I haven't felt like writing. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. discovered, his absence from the ATC frequency caused an overload with his First During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. The FAA holds him or her accountable. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these themselves and their operating instruments before the operation. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. Thirty-six fatalities. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight.